fastpastebin/vendor/github.com/rs/zerolog/README.md

# Zero Allocation JSON Logger

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The zerolog package provides a fast and simple logger dedicated to JSON output.

Zerolog's API is designed to provide both a great developer experience and stunning [performance](#benchmarks). Its unique chaining API allows zerolog to write JSON (or CBOR) log events by avoiding allocations and reflection.

Uber's [zap](https://godoc.org/go.uber.org/zap) library pioneered this approach. Zerolog is taking this concept to the next level with a simpler to use API and even better performance.

To keep the code base and the API simple, zerolog focuses on efficient structured logging only. Pretty logging on the console is made possible using the provided (but inefficient) `zerolog.ConsoleWriter`.

![](pretty.png)

## Who uses zerolog

Find out [who uses zerolog](https://github.com/rs/zerolog/wiki/Who-uses-zerolog) and add your company / project to the list.

## Features

* Blazing fast
* Low to zero allocation
* Level logging
* Sampling
* Hooks
* Contextual fields
* `context.Context` integration
* `net/http` helpers
* JSON and CBOR encoding formats
* Pretty logging for development

## Installation

```go
go get -u github.com/rs/zerolog/log
```
## Getting Started

### Simple Logging Example

For simple logging, import the global logger package **github.com/rs/zerolog/log**
```go
package main

import (
	"github.com/rs/zerolog"
	"github.com/rs/zerolog/log"
)

func main() {
	// UNIX Time is faster and smaller than most timestamps
	// If you set zerolog.TimeFieldFormat to an empty string,
	// logs will write with UNIX time
	zerolog.TimeFieldFormat = ""

	log.Print("hello world")
}

// Output: {"time":1516134303,"level":"debug","message":"hello world"}
```
> Note: The default log level for `log.Print` is *debug*

### Leveled Logging

#### Simple Leveled Logging Example

```go
package main

import (
	"github.com/rs/zerolog"
	"github.com/rs/zerolog/log"
)

func main() {
	zerolog.TimeFieldFormat = ""

	log.Info().Msg("hello world")
}

// Output: {"time":1516134303,"level":"info","message":"hello world"}
```

**zerolog** allows for logging at the following levels (from highest to lowest):
- panic (`zerolog.PanicLevel`, 5)
- fatal (`zerolog.FatalLevel`, 4)
- error (`zerolog.ErrorLevel`, 3)
- warn (`zerolog.WarnLevel`, 2)
- info (`zerolog.InfoLevel`, 1)
- debug (`zerolog.DebugLevel`, 0)

You can set the Global logging level to any of these options using the `SetGlobalLevel` function in the zerolog package, passing in one of the given constants above, e.g. `zerolog.InfoLevel` would be the "info" level.  Whichever level is chosen, all logs with a level greater than or equal to that level will be written. To turn off logging entirely, pass the `zerolog.Disabled` constant.

#### Setting Global Log Level

This example uses command-line flags to demonstrate various outputs depending on the chosen log level.

```go
package main

import (
	"flag"

	"github.com/rs/zerolog"
	"github.com/rs/zerolog/log"
)

func main() {
	zerolog.TimeFieldFormat = ""
	debug := flag.Bool("debug", false, "sets log level to debug")

	flag.Parse()

	// Default level for this example is info, unless debug flag is present
	zerolog.SetGlobalLevel(zerolog.InfoLevel)
	if *debug {
		zerolog.SetGlobalLevel(zerolog.DebugLevel)
	}

	log.Debug().Msg("This message appears only when log level set to Debug")
	log.Info().Msg("This message appears when log level set to Debug or Info")

	if e := log.Debug(); e.Enabled() {
		// Compute log output only if enabled.
		value := "bar"
		e.Str("foo", value).Msg("some debug message")
	}
}
```
Info Output (no flag)
```bash
$ ./logLevelExample
{"time":1516387492,"level":"info","message":"This message appears when log level set to Debug or Info"}
```

Debug Output (debug flag set)
```bash
$ ./logLevelExample -debug
{"time":1516387573,"level":"debug","message":"This message appears only when log level set to Debug"}
{"time":1516387573,"level":"info","message":"This message appears when log level set to Debug or Info"}
{"time":1516387573,"level":"debug","foo":"bar","message":"some debug message"}
```

#### Logging Fatal Messages

```go
package main

import (
	"errors"

	"github.com/rs/zerolog"
	"github.com/rs/zerolog/log"
)

func main() {
	err := errors.New("A repo man spends his life getting into tense situations")
	service := "myservice"

	zerolog.TimeFieldFormat = ""

	log.Fatal().
		Err(err).
		Str("service", service).
		Msgf("Cannot start %s", service)
}

// Output: {"time":1516133263,"level":"fatal","error":"A repo man spends his life getting into tense situations","service":"myservice","message":"Cannot start myservice"}
//         exit status 1
```
> NOTE: Using `Msgf` generates one allocation even when the logger is disabled.

### Contextual Logging

#### Fields can be added to log messages

```go
log.Info().
    Str("foo", "bar").
    Int("n", 123).
    Msg("hello world")

// Output: {"level":"info","time":1494567715,"foo":"bar","n":123,"message":"hello world"}
```

### Create logger instance to manage different outputs

```go
logger := zerolog.New(os.Stderr).With().Timestamp().Logger()

logger.Info().Str("foo", "bar").Msg("hello world")

// Output: {"level":"info","time":1494567715,"message":"hello world","foo":"bar"}
```

### Sub-loggers let you chain loggers with additional context

```go
sublogger := log.With().
                 Str("component": "foo").
                 Logger()
sublogger.Info().Msg("hello world")

// Output: {"level":"info","time":1494567715,"message":"hello world","component":"foo"}
```

### Pretty logging

```go
if isConsole {
    log.Logger = log.Output(zerolog.ConsoleWriter{Out: os.Stderr})
}

log.Info().Str("foo", "bar").Msg("Hello world")

// Output: 1494567715 |INFO| Hello world foo=bar
```

### Sub dictionary

```go
log.Info().
    Str("foo", "bar").
    Dict("dict", zerolog.Dict().
        Str("bar", "baz").
        Int("n", 1)
    ).Msg("hello world")

// Output: {"level":"info","time":1494567715,"foo":"bar","dict":{"bar":"baz","n":1},"message":"hello world"}
```

### Customize automatic field names

```go
zerolog.TimestampFieldName = "t"
zerolog.LevelFieldName = "l"
zerolog.MessageFieldName = "m"

log.Info().Msg("hello world")

// Output: {"l":"info","t":1494567715,"m":"hello world"}
```

### Log with no level nor message

```go
log.Log().Str("foo","bar").Msg("")

// Output: {"time":1494567715,"foo":"bar"}
```

### Add contextual fields to the global logger

```go
log.Logger = log.With().Str("foo", "bar").Logger()
```

### Thread-safe, lock-free, non-blocking writer

If your writer might be slow or not thread-safe and you need your log producers to never get slowed down by a slow writer, you can use a `diode.Writer` as follow:

```go
d := diodes.NewManyToOne(1000, diodes.AlertFunc(func(missed int) {
    fmt.Printf("Dropped %d messages\n", missed)
}))
w := diode.NewWriter(os.Stdout, d, 10*time.Millisecond)
log := zerolog.New(w)
log.Print("test")
```

You will need to install `code.cloudfoundry.org/go-diodes` to use this feature.

### Log Sampling

```go
sampled := log.Sample(&zerolog.BasicSampler{N: 10})
sampled.Info().Msg("will be logged every 10 messages")

// Output: {"time":1494567715,"level":"info","message":"will be logged every 10 messages"}
```

More advanced sampling:

```go
// Will let 5 debug messages per period of 1 second.
// Over 5 debug message, 1 every 100 debug messages are logged.
// Other levels are not sampled.
sampled := log.Sample(zerolog.LevelSampler{
    DebugSampler: &zerolog.BurstSampler{
        Burst: 5,
        Period: 1*time.Second,
        NextSampler: &zerolog.BasicSampler{N: 100},
    },
})
sampled.Debug().Msg("hello world")

// Output: {"time":1494567715,"level":"debug","message":"hello world"}
```

### Hooks

```go
type SeverityHook struct{}

func (h SeverityHook) Run(e *zerolog.Event, level zerolog.Level, msg string) {
    if level != zerolog.NoLevel {
        e.Str("severity", level.String())
    }
}

hooked := log.Hook(SeverityHook{})
hooked.Warn().Msg("")

// Output: {"level":"warn","severity":"warn"}
```

### Pass a sub-logger by context

```go
ctx := log.With("component", "module").Logger().WithContext(ctx)

log.Ctx(ctx).Info().Msg("hello world")

// Output: {"component":"module","level":"info","message":"hello world"}
```

### Set as standard logger output

```go
log := zerolog.New(os.Stdout).With().
    Str("foo", "bar").
    Logger()

stdlog.SetFlags(0)
stdlog.SetOutput(log)

stdlog.Print("hello world")

// Output: {"foo":"bar","message":"hello world"}
```

### Integration with `net/http`

The `github.com/rs/zerolog/hlog` package provides some helpers to integrate zerolog with `http.Handler`.

In this example we use [alice](https://github.com/justinas/alice) to install logger for better readability.

```go
log := zerolog.New(os.Stdout).With().
    Timestamp().
    Str("role", "my-service").
    Str("host", host).
    Logger()

c := alice.New()

// Install the logger handler with default output on the console
c = c.Append(hlog.NewHandler(log))

// Install some provided extra handler to set some request's context fields.
// Thanks to those handler, all our logs will come with some pre-populated fields.
c = c.Append(hlog.AccessHandler(func(r *http.Request, status, size int, duration time.Duration) {
    hlog.FromRequest(r).Info().
        Str("method", r.Method).
        Str("url", r.URL.String()).
        Int("status", status).
        Int("size", size).
        Dur("duration", duration).
        Msg("")
}))
c = c.Append(hlog.RemoteAddrHandler("ip"))
c = c.Append(hlog.UserAgentHandler("user_agent"))
c = c.Append(hlog.RefererHandler("referer"))
c = c.Append(hlog.RequestIDHandler("req_id", "Request-Id"))

// Here is your final handler
h := c.Then(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    // Get the logger from the request's context. You can safely assume it
    // will be always there: if the handler is removed, hlog.FromRequest
    // will return a no-op logger.
    hlog.FromRequest(r).Info().
        Str("user", "current user").
        Str("status", "ok").
        Msg("Something happened")

    // Output: {"level":"info","time":"2001-02-03T04:05:06Z","role":"my-service","host":"local-hostname","req_id":"b4g0l5t6tfid6dtrapu0","user":"current user","status":"ok","message":"Something happened"}
}))
http.Handle("/", h)

if err := http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil); err != nil {
    log.Fatal().Err(err).Msg("Startup failed")
}
```

## Global Settings

Some settings can be changed and will by applied to all loggers:

* `log.Logger`: You can set this value to customize the global logger (the one used by package level methods).
* `zerolog.SetGlobalLevel`: Can raise the minimum level of all loggers. Set this to `zerolog.Disable` to disable logging altogether (quiet mode).
* `zerolog.DisableSampling`: If argument is `true`, all sampled loggers will stop sampling and issue 100% of their log events.
* `zerolog.TimestampFieldName`: Can be set to customize `Timestamp` field name.
* `zerolog.LevelFieldName`: Can be set to customize level field name.
* `zerolog.MessageFieldName`: Can be set to customize message field name.
* `zerolog.ErrorFieldName`: Can be set to customize `Err` field name.
* `zerolog.TimeFieldFormat`: Can be set to customize `Time` field value formatting. If set with an empty string, times are formated as UNIX timestamp.
	// DurationFieldUnit defines the unit for time.Duration type fields added
	// using the Dur method.
* `DurationFieldUnit`: Sets the unit of the fields added by `Dur` (default: `time.Millisecond`).
* `DurationFieldInteger`: If set to true, `Dur` fields are formatted as integers instead of floats.

## Field Types

### Standard Types

* `Str`
* `Bool`
* `Int`, `Int8`, `Int16`, `Int32`, `Int64`
* `Uint`, `Uint8`, `Uint16`, `Uint32`, `Uint64`
* `Float32`, `Float64`

### Advanced Fields

* `Err`: Takes an `error` and render it as a string using the `zerolog.ErrorFieldName` field name.
* `Timestamp`: Insert a timestamp field with `zerolog.TimestampFieldName` field name and formatted using `zerolog.TimeFieldFormat`.
* `Time`: Adds a field with the time formated with the `zerolog.TimeFieldFormat`.
* `Dur`: Adds a field with a `time.Duration`.
* `Dict`: Adds a sub-key/value as a field of the event.
* `Interface`: Uses reflection to marshal the type.

## Binary Encoding

In addition to the default JSON encoding, `zerolog` can produce binary logs using the [cbor](http://cbor.io) encoding. The choice of encoding can be decided at compile time using the build tag `binary_log` as follow:

```
go build -tags binary_log .
```

## Benchmarks

All operations are allocation free (those numbers *include* JSON encoding):

```
BenchmarkLogEmpty-8        100000000    19.1 ns/op	   0 B/op       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkDisabled-8        500000000     4.07 ns/op	   0 B/op       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkInfo-8            30000000	    42.5 ns/op	   0 B/op       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkContextFields-8   30000000	    44.9 ns/op	   0 B/op       0 allocs/op
BenchmarkLogFields-8       10000000	   184 ns/op	   0 B/op       0 allocs/op
```

There are a few Go logging benchmarks and comparisons that include zerolog.

- [imkira/go-loggers-bench](https://github.com/imkira/go-loggers-bench)
- [uber-common/zap](https://github.com/uber-go/zap#performance)

Using Uber's zap comparison benchmark:

Log a message and 10 fields:

| Library | Time | Bytes Allocated | Objects Allocated |
| :--- | :---: | :---: | :---: |
| zerolog | 767 ns/op | 552 B/op | 6 allocs/op |
| :zap: zap | 848 ns/op | 704 B/op | 2 allocs/op |
| :zap: zap (sugared) | 1363 ns/op | 1610 B/op | 20 allocs/op |
| go-kit | 3614 ns/op | 2895 B/op | 66 allocs/op |
| lion | 5392 ns/op | 5807 B/op | 63 allocs/op |
| logrus | 5661 ns/op | 6092 B/op | 78 allocs/op |
| apex/log | 15332 ns/op | 3832 B/op | 65 allocs/op |
| log15 | 20657 ns/op | 5632 B/op | 93 allocs/op |

Log a message with a logger that already has 10 fields of context:

| Library | Time | Bytes Allocated | Objects Allocated |
| :--- | :---: | :---: | :---: |
| zerolog | 52 ns/op | 0 B/op | 0 allocs/op |
| :zap: zap | 283 ns/op | 0 B/op | 0 allocs/op |
| :zap: zap (sugared) | 337 ns/op | 80 B/op | 2 allocs/op |
| lion | 2702 ns/op | 4074 B/op | 38 allocs/op |
| go-kit | 3378 ns/op | 3046 B/op | 52 allocs/op |
| logrus | 4309 ns/op | 4564 B/op | 63 allocs/op |
| apex/log | 13456 ns/op | 2898 B/op | 51 allocs/op |
| log15 | 14179 ns/op | 2642 B/op | 44 allocs/op |

Log a static string, without any context or `printf`-style templating:

| Library | Time | Bytes Allocated | Objects Allocated |
| :--- | :---: | :---: | :---: |
| zerolog | 50 ns/op | 0 B/op | 0 allocs/op |
| :zap: zap | 236 ns/op | 0 B/op | 0 allocs/op |
| standard library | 453 ns/op | 80 B/op | 2 allocs/op |
| :zap: zap (sugared) | 337 ns/op | 80 B/op | 2 allocs/op |
| go-kit | 508 ns/op | 656 B/op | 13 allocs/op |
| lion | 771 ns/op | 1224 B/op | 10 allocs/op |
| logrus | 1244 ns/op | 1505 B/op | 27 allocs/op |
| apex/log | 2751 ns/op | 584 B/op | 11 allocs/op |
| log15 | 5181 ns/op | 1592 B/op | 26 allocs/op |

## Caveats

Note that zerolog does de-duplication fields. Using the same key multiple times creates multiple keys in final JSON:

```go
logger := zerolog.New(os.Stderr).With().Timestamp().Logger()
logger.Info().
       Timestamp().
       Msg("dup")
// Output: {"level":"info","time":1494567715,"time":1494567715,"message":"dup"}
```

However, it’s not a big deal as JSON accepts dup keys; the last one prevails.